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 Table of Contents  
TECHNICAL ARTICLE
Year : 2012  |  Volume : 4  |  Issue : 9  |  Page : 429-434

Western blot: Technique, theory, and trouble shooting

Tahrin Mahmood, Ping-Chang Yang
Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Date of Web Publication14-Sep-2012

Correspondence Address:
Ping-Chang Yang
Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room T3303, 50 Charlton Ave East, Hamilton, ON
Canada
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.100998

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  Abstract 

Western blotting is an important technique used in cell and molecular biology. By using a western blot, researchers are able to identify specific proteins from a complex mixture of proteins extracted from cells. The technique uses three elements to accomplish this task: (1) separation by size, (2) transfer to a solid support, and (3) marking target protein using a proper primary and secondary antibody to visualize. This paper will attempt to explain the technique and theory behind western blot, and offer some ways to troubleshoot.

Keywords: Bio-medical research, protein, western blot


How to cite this article:
Mahmood T, Yang PC. Western blot: Technique, theory, and trouble shooting. North Am J Med Sci 2012;4:429-34

How to cite this URL:
Mahmood T, Yang PC. Western blot: Technique, theory, and trouble shooting. North Am J Med Sci [serial online] 2012 [cited 2021 Aug 5];4:429-34. Available from: https://www.najms.org/text.asp?2012/4/9/429/100998


  Introduction Top


Western blot is often used in research to separate and identify proteins. In this technique a mixture of proteins is separated based on molecular weight, and thus by type, through gel electrophoresis. These results are then transferred to a membrane producing a band for each protein. The membrane is then incubated with labels antibodies specific to the protein of interest.

The unbound antibody is washed off leaving only the bound antibody to the protein of interest. The bound antibodies are then detected by developing the film. As the antibodies only bind to the protein of interest, only one band should be visible. The thickness of the band corresponds to the amount of protein present; thus doing a standard can indicate the amount of protein present. The paper will first describe the protocol for western blot, accompanied by pictures to help the reader and theory to rationalize the protocol. This will be followed by the theoretical explanation of the procedure, and in the later section, troubleshooting tips for common problems.

Technique

Cell lysis to extract protein

Protein can be extracted from different kind of samples, such as tissue or cells. Below is the protocol to extract proteins from adherent cells.

Adherent cells:

  1. Wash cells in the tissue culture flask or dish by adding cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and rocking gently. Discard PBS. (Tip: Keep tissue culture dish on ice throughout).
  2. Add PBS and use a cell scraper to dislodge the cells. Pipette the mixture into microcentrifuge tubes.
  3. Centrifuge at 1500 RPM for 5 minutes and discard the supernatant.
  4. Add 180 μL of ice cold cell lysis buffer with 20 μL fresh protease inhibitor cocktail. (Tip: If protein concentration is not high enough at the end, it is advised to repeat the procedure with a higher proportion of protease inhibitor cocktail).
  5. Incubate for 30 minutes on ice, and then clarify the lysate by spinning for 10 minutes at 12,000 RPM, at 4°C.
  6. Transfer supernatant (or protein mix) to a fresh tube and store on ice or frozen at -20°C or -80°C.
  7. Measure the concentration of protein using a spectrophotometer.
Sample preparation



  1. determine the volume of protein extract to ensure 50 μg in each well.
  2. Add 5 μL sample buffer to the sample, and make the volume in each lane equalized using double distilled H 2 O (dd H 2 O). Mix well. (Tip: Total volume of 15 μL per lane is suggested).
  3. Heat the samples with dry plate for 5 minutes at 100°C.


Gel preparation



  1. After preparing the 10% stacking gel solution, assemble the rack for gel solidification [Figure 1]. (Tip: 10% AP and TEMED solidify the solution; therefore, both gels can be prepared at the same time, if the abovementioned reagents are not added until the end).
  2. Add stacking gel solution carefully until the level is equal to the green bar holding the glass plates [Figure 2]. Add H 2 O to the top. Wait for 15-30 minutes until the gel turning solidified. (Tip: Using a suction pipette can make the process of adding the gel to the glass plate easier).
  3. Overlay the stacking gel with the separating gel, after removing the water. (Tip: It is better to tilt the apparatus and use a paper towel to remove the water).
  4. Insert the comb, ensuring that there are no air bubbles.
  5. Wait until the gel is solidified. (Tip: Solidification can be easily checked by leaving some gel solution in a tube).
Figure 1: Assembled rack for gel solidification

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Figure 2: Add gel solution using a transfer pipette

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Electrophoresis

  1. Pour the running buffer into the electrophorator [Figure 3].
  2. Place gel inside the electrophorator and connect to a power supply. (Tip: When connecting to the power source always connect red to red, and black to black).
  3. Make sure buffer covers the gel completely, and remove the comb carefully.
  4. Load marker (6 μL) followed by samples (15 μL) in to each well [Figure 4].
  5. Run the gel with low voltage (60 V) for separating gel; use higher voltage (140 V) for stacking gel [Figure 5]a and b.
  6. Run the gel for approximately an hour, or until the dye front runs off the bottom of the gel [Figure 6].
Figure 3: Add running buffer to the electrophorator

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Figure 4: Add samples and molecular marker to the gel, after removing the combs

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Figure 5: (a) Samples running through the stacking gel (lower voltage). (b): Samples running through the separating gel (higher voltage)

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Figure 6: Run the gel to the bottom of the electrophorator

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Electrotransfer

  1. Cut 6 filter sheets to fit the measurement of the gel, and one polyvinylidene fluoride (PDVF) membrane with the same dimensions.
  2. Wet the sponge and filter paper in transfer buffer, and wet the PDVF membrane in methanol.
  3. Separate glass plates and retrieve the gel.
  4. Create a transfer sandwich as follows:

    Sponge

    3 Filter Papers

    Gel PVDF

    3 Filter Papers

    (Tip: Ensure there are no air bubbles between the gel and PVDF membrane, and squeeze out extra liquid).
  5. Relocate the sandwich to the transfer apparatus, which should be placed on ice to maintain 4°C. Add transfer buffer to the apparatus, and ensure that the sandwich is covered with the buffer. Place electrodes on top of the sandwich, ensuring that the PVDF membrane is between the gel and a positive electrode [Figure 7].
  6. Transfer for 90 minutes [Figure 8]. (Tip: The running time should be proportional to the thickness of the gel, so this may be reduced to 45 minutes for 0.75 mm gels).
Figure 7: Transfer should be done on ice

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Figure 8: Membrane after transfer

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Blocking and antibody incubation

  1. Block the membrane with 5% skim milk in TBST* for 1 hour.
  2. Add primary antibody in 5% bovine serum albumin ( BSA) and incubate overnight in 4°C on a shaker [Figure 9].
  3. Wash the membrane with TBST for 5 minutes. Do this 3 times. (Tip: All washing and antibody incubation steps should be done on a shaker at room temperature to ensure even agitation).
  4. Add secondary antibody in 5% skim milk in TBST, and incubate for 1 hour.
  5. Wash the membrane with TBST for 5 minutes. Do this 3 times
  6. Prepare ECL mix (following the proportion of solution A and B provided by the manufacturer). Incubate the membrane for 1-2 minutes [Figure 10]. (Tip: Use a 1000 μL pipette to ensure that ECL covers the top and bottom of the membrane).
  7. Visualize the result in the dark room [Figure 11]. (Tip: If the background is too strong, reduce exposure time).
*, TBST: Tris-Buffered Saline Tween-20
Figure 9: Use a shaker to incubate the membrane with antibody

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Figure 10: Incubate the membrane with ECL mix using a 1000 μL pipette to help the process

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Figure 11: Use the cassette to expose the membrane in the dark room

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Recipe

  1. Dissolve the following in 800 ml of distilled H 2 O

    • 8.8 g of NaCl
    • 0.2g of KCl
    • 3g of Tris base
  2. Add 500ul of Tween-20
  3. Adjust the pH to 7.4
  4. Add distilled H 2 O to 1L
  5. Sterilize by filtration or autoclaving
Theory

Sample preparation

Cell lysates are the most common form of sample used for western blot. Protein extraction attempts to collect all the proteins in the cell cytosol. This should be done in a cold temperature with protease inhibitors to prevent denaturing of the proteins. Since tissue sample display a higher degree of structure, mechanical invention, such as homogenization, or sonication is needed to extract the proteins.

After extracting the protein, it is very important to have a good idea of the extract's concentration. This eventually allows the researcher to ensure that the samples are being compared on an equivalent basis. Protein concentration is often measured using a spectrophotometer. Using this concentration allows to measure the mass of the protein that is being loaded into each well by the relationship between concentration, mass, and volume.

After determining the appropriate volume of the sample, it is diluted into a loading buffer, which contains glycerol so that the samples sink easily into the wells of the gel. A tracking dye (bromophenol blue) is also present in the buffer allowing the researcher to see how far the separation has progressed. The sample is heated after being diluted into a loading buffer, in order to denature the higher order structure, while retaining sulfide bridges. Denaturing the high structure ensures that the negative charge of amino acids is not neutralized, enabling the protein to move in an electric field (applied during electrotransfer).

It is also very important to have positive and negative controls for the sample. For a positive control a known source of target protein, such as purified protein or a control lysate is used. This helps to confirm the identity of the protein, and the activity of the antibody. A negative control is a null cell line, such as β-actin, is used as well to confirm that the staining is not nonspecific.

Gel electrophoresis

Western blot uses two different types of agarose gel: stacking and separating gel. The higher, stacking gel is slightly acidic (pH 6.8) and has a lower acrylamide concentration making a porous gel, which separates protein poorly but allows them to form thin, sharply defined bands. The lower gel, called the separating, or resolving gel, is basic (pH 8.8), and has a higher polyacrylamide content, making the gel's pores narrower. Protein is thus separated by their size more so in this gel, as the smaller proteins to travel more easily, and hence rapidly, than larger proteins.

The proteins when loaded on the gel have a negative charge, as they have been denatured by heating, and will travel toward the positive electrode when a voltage is applied. Gels are usually made by pouring them between two glass or plastic plates, using the solution described in the protocol section. The samples and a marker are loaded into the wells, and the empty wells are loaded with sample buffer. The gel is then connected to the power supply and allowed to run. The voltage is very important, as a high voltage can overheat and distort the bands.

Blotting

After separating the protein mixture, it is transferred to a membrane. The transfer is done using an electric field oriented perpendicular to the surface of the gel, causing proteins to move out of the gel and onto the membrane. The membrane is placed between the gel surface and the positive electrode in a sandwich. The sandwich includes a fiber pad (sponge) at each end, and filter papers to protect the gel and blotting membrane [Figure 12]. Here two things are very important: (1) the close contact of gel and membrane to ensure a clear image and (2) the placement of the membrane between the gel and the positive electrode. The membrane must be placed as such, so that the negatively charged proteins can migrate from the gel to the membrane. This type of transfer is called electrophoretic transfer, and can be done in semi-dry or wet conditions. Wet conditions are usually more reliable as it is less likely to dry out the gel, and is preferred for larger proteins.
Figure 12: Assembly of a sandwich in western Blot

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The membrane, the solid support, is an essential part of this process. There are two types of membrane: nitrocellulose and PVDF. Nitrocellulose is used for its high affinity for protein and its retention abilities. However, it is brittle, and does not allow the membrane to be used for reprobing. In this regard, PVDF membranes provide better mechanical support and allow the blot to be reprobed and stored. However, the background is higher in the PVDF membranes and therefore, washing carefully is very important.

Washing, blocking and antibody incubation

Blocking is a very important step of western blotting, as it prevents antibodies from binding to the membrane nonspecifically. Blocking is often made with 5% BSA or nonfat dried milk diluted in TBST to reduce the background.

Nonfat dried milk is often preferred as it is inexpensive and widely available. However, milk proteins are not compatible with all detection labels, so care must be taken to choose the appropriate blocking solution. For example, BSA blocking solutions are preferred with biotin and AP antibody labels, and antiphosphoprotein antibodies, since milk contains casein, which is itself a phosphoprotein and biotin, thus interfering with the assay results. It is often a good strategy to incubate the primary antibody with BSA since it is usually needed in higher amounts than the secondary antibody. Putting it in BSA solution allows the antibody to be reused, if the blot does not give good result.

The concentration of the antibody depends on the instruction by the manufacturer. The antibody can be diluted in a wash buffer, such as PBS or TBST. Washing is very important as it minimized background and removes unbound antibody. However, the membrane should not be left to wash for a really long time, as it can also reduce the signal.

The membrane is then detected using the label antibody, usually with an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which is detected by the signal it produces corresponding to the position of the target protein. This signal is captured on a film which is usually developed in a dark room.

Quantification

It is very important to be aware that the data produced with a western blot is typically considered to be semi-quantitative. This is because it provides a relative comparison of protein levels, but not an absolute measure of quantity. There are two reasons for this; first, there are variations in loading and transfer rates between the samples in separate lanes which are different on separate blots. These differences will need to be standardized before a more precise comparison can be made. Second, the signal generated by detection is not linear across the concentration range of samples. Thus, since the signal produced is not linear, it should not be used to model the concentration.

Troubleshooting

Even though the procedure for western blot is simple, many problems can arise, leading to unexpected results. The problem can be grouped into five categories: (1) unusual or unexpected bands, (2) no bands, (3) faint bands or weak signal, (4) high background on the blot, and (5) patchy or uneven spots on the blot.

Unusual or unexpected bands can be due to protease degradation, which produces bands at unexpected positions. In this case it is advisable to use a fresh sample which had been kept on ice or alter the antibody. If the protein seems to be in too high of a position, then reheating the sample can help to break the quaternary protein structure. Similarly, blurry bands are often caused by high voltage or air bubbles present during transfer. In this case, it should be ensured that the gel is run at a lower voltage, and that the transfer sandwich is prepared properly. In addition, changing the running buffer can also help the problem. Nonflat bands can be the result of too fast of a travel through the gel, due to low resistance. To fix this the gel should be optimized to fit the sample. Finally, white (negative) bands on the film are due to too much protein or antibody.

Another problem: no bands can also arise due to many reasons related to antibody, antigen, or buffer used. If an improper antibody is used, either primary or secondary, the band will not show. In addition, the concentration of the antibody should be appropriate as well; if the concentration is too low, the signal may not be visible. It is important to remember that some antibodies are not to be used for western blot. Another reason for no visible bands is the lowest concentration or absence of the antigen. In this case, antigen from another source can be used to confirm whether the problem lies with the sample or with other elements, such as the antibody. Moreover, prolonged washing can also decrease the signal. Buffers can also contribute to the problem. It should be ensured that buffers like the transfer buffer, TBST, running buffer and ECL are all new and noncontaminated. If the buffers are contaminated with sodium azide, it can inactivate HRP.

Similarly, weak signals can be caused by low concentration of antibody or antigen. Increasing exposure time can also help to make the band clearer. Another reason could be nonfat dry milk masking the antigen. In this case use BSA or decrease the amount of milk used.

High background is often caused by too high concentration of the antibody, which can bind to PVDF membranes. Another problem could be the buffers, which may be too old. Increasing the washing time can also help to decrease the background. Additionally, too high of an exposure can also lead to this problem. Therefore, it is advisable to check different exposure times to achieve an optimum time.

Patchy and uneven spots on the blot are usually caused by improper transfer. If there are air bubbles trapped between the gel and the membrane, it will appear darker on the film. It is also important to use a shaker for all incubation, so that there is no uneven agitation during the incubation. Once again, washing is of utmost importance as well to wash the background. This problem can also be caused by antibodies binding to the blocking agents; in this case another blocking agent should be tried. Filtering the blocking agent can also help to remove some contaminants. Finally, this problem can also be caused by aggregation of the secondary antibody; in this case, the secondary antibody should be centrifuged and filtered to remove the aggregated.


  Conclusion Top


Western blot is a technique that is very useful for protein detection as it allows the user to quantify the protein expression as well. This paper covered the protocol, the theory behind that protocol, and some troubleshooting techniques. Western blot can be seen as an intricate balance, as the researcher attempts to get a nonspecific, yet strong signal.


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11], [Figure 12]


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36 Transmission mode of watermelon silver mottle virus by Thrips palmi
De-Fen Mou,Wei-Te Chen,Wei-Hua Li,Tsung-Chi Chen,Chien-Hao Tseng,Li-Hsin Huang,Jui-Chu Peng,Shyi-Dong Yeh,Chi-Wei Tsai,Livia Maria Silva Ataide
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37 Characterization of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Amyloid-ß42 Oligomer Preparations with Biochemical Methods and Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals a Correlation between Infrared Spectrum and Oligomer Size
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ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2021;
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38 Overexpression of vacuolar H + -pyrophosphatase (H + -PPase) gene from Ammopiptanthus nanus enhances drought tolerance in maize
Haoqiang Yu,Jintao Qu,Xin Guo,Li Li,Xiaofang Zhang,Qingqing Yang,Yanli Lu,Wanchen Li,Fengling Fu
Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 2021;
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39 Effect of suvorexant on morphine tolerance and dependence in mice: Role of NMDA, AMPA, ERK and CREB proteins
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40 Umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as enzyme delivery vehicle to treat Morquio A fibroblasts
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41 The influence of P-glycoprotein expression in the standard treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Sprague Dawley rats
Noor Safwah Damanhuri,Endang Kumolosasi,Marhanis Salihah Omar,Amirul Faiz Abd Razak,Ahmad Hasnan Mansor
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42 Sweet Basil Has Distinct Synthases for Eugenol Biosynthesis in Glandular Trichomes and Roots with Different Regulatory Mechanisms
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43 Trehalose protects the endothelium from cadmium-induced dysfunction
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44 Serological assays and host antibody detection in coronavirus-related disease diagnosis
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45 Effect of Berberine on Hyperuricemia and Kidney Injury: A Network Pharmacology Analysis and Experimental Validation in a Mouse Model
Qiaoping Li,Ziwei Huang,Defu Liu,Jingna Zheng,Jianhui Xie,Jiannan Chen,Huifang Zeng,Ziren Su,Yucui Li
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46 Comparing Protein Adsorption onto Alumina and Silica Nanomaterial Surfaces: Clues for Vaccine Adjuvant Development
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47 Human circular RNA hsa_circRNA_101705 (circTXNDC11) regulates renal cancer progression by regulating MAPK/ERK pathway
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48 On-chip label-free impedance-based detection of antibiotic permeation
Jaspreet Kaur,Hamed Ghorbanpoor,Yasin Öztürk,Özge Kaygusuz,Hüseyin Avci,Cihan Darcan,Levent Trabzon,Fatma D. Güzel
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49 The role of glycosylation in the N-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique H4N2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo
Marcel Gischke,Ola Bagato,Angele Breithaupt,David Scheibner,Claudia Blaurock,Melina Vallbracht,Axel Karger,Beate Crossley,Jutta Veits,Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser,Thomas C. Mettenleiter,Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
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50 Beyond the Warburg Effect: Oxidative and Glycolytic Phenotypes Coexist within the Metabolic Heterogeneity of Glioblastoma
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51 The study of interaction of different forms of human recombinant anti-mullerian hormone with a chimeric analogue of the AMH type II
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52 Rapid fabrication of teflon apertures by controlled high voltage pulses for formation of free standing planar lipid bilayer membrane
Yasin Ozturk,Aliakbar Ebrahimi,Araz Norouz Dizaji,Ozge Kaygusuz,Jayesh Arun Bafna,Mathias Winterhalter,Guven Cankaya,Cihan Darcan,Fatma Dogan Guzel
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53 Antibody validation for Western blot: By the user, for the user
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54 Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Activation by Perturbing Protein–Protein Interactions Using a Cyclic Peptide
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55 Toona sinensis modulates autophagy and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages
Chun-En Aurea Kuo,Szu-Ying Wu,Chen-Hsiang Lee,Yun-Ru Lai,Cheng-Hsien Lu,Po-Cheng Chen,Jai-Hong Cheng,Li-Yu Tsai,Ke-Tien Yen,Yu Tsao,Shih-Meng Tsai
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56 Improvement of immunodetection of the transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein by western blot
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57 Samnamul (Shoots of Aruncus dioicus) Inhibit Adipogenesis by Downregulating Adipocyte-Specific Transcription Factors in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
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58 Sandwich-Type Electrochemical Paper-Based Immunosensor for Claudin 7 and CD81 Dual Determination on Extracellular Vesicles from Breast Cancer Patients
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59 Questioning coverage values determined by 2D western blots: A critical study on the characterization of anti-HCP ELISA reagents
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60 Measurement of the Emission Spectra of Protein Solutions in the Infrared Range. Description of the Method and Testing Using Solution of Human Interferon Gamma as an Example
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Frontiers in Physics. 2020; 8
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61 Perillyl alcohol suppresses monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats via anti-remodeling, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects
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62 Liver Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase-1 Downregulation via siRNA-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Restores Glucose Homeostasis in a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Vivo Model
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63 Influence of salinity on survival, growth, hemolymph osmolality, gill sodium potassium ATPase activity, and sodium potassium chloride co-transporter expression in the redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus
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64 Deciphering key regulators involved in epilepsy-induced cardiac damage through whole transcriptome and proteome analysis in a rat model
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65 Development of Epidermal Equivalent from Electrospun Synthetic Polymers for In Vitro Irritation/Corrosion Testing
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66 Low METTL3 level in midgut of the Bombyx mori inhibit the proliferation of nucleopolyhedrovirus
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67 Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors improve angiogenic function of endothelial progenitor cells via ERK/p38-mediated miR-126 upregulation in myocardial infarction mice after exercise
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68 Effect of mobile phone signal radiation on epigenetic modulation in the hippocampus of Wistar rat
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69 Ligand- and structural-based discovery of potential small molecules that target the colchicine site of tubulin for cancer treatment
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70 Neuroprotection of Tropical Fruit Juice Mixture via the Reduction of iNOS Expression and CRH Level in ß-Amyloid-Induced Rats Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
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71 A Higher Frequency Administration of the Nontoxic Cycloartane-Type Triterpene Argentatin A Improved Its Anti-Tumor Activity
Zaira Tavarez-Santamaría,Nadia J. Jacobo-Herrera,Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta,Alejandro Zentella-Dehesa,Beatriz del Carmen Couder-García,Mariano Martínez-Vázquez
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72 Extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves from different cultivation regions show both antioxidant and antiobesity activities
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73 Cloning and expression of OdTx12, a ß excitatory toxin from Odontobuthus doriae, in Escherichia coli and evaluation of its bioactivity in Locusta migratoria
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74 Bioinspired 3D porous human placental derived extracellular matrix/silk fibroin sponges for accelerated bone regeneration
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75 Delayed effects of sulfur mustard on autophagy suppression in chemically-injured lung tissue
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76 A capillary electrophoresis based approach for the identification of anti-drug antibodies against camelid VHH biologics (NanobodiesŽ)
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77 Exosomal miRNAs as circulating biomarkers for prediction of development of haematogenous metastasis after surgery for stage II/III gastric cancer
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78 Acceleration of somatic cell reprogramming into the induced pluripotent stem cell using a mycosporine-like amino acid, Porphyra 334
Junsang Yoo,Junyeop Kim,Jeong Hun Lee,Hyein Kim,Sung Joo Jang,Hyo Hyun Seo,Seung Taek Oh,Seung Jae Hyeon,Hoon Ryu,Jongpil Kim,Sang Hyun Moh
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79 Scaffolds with controlled release of pro-mineralization exosomes to promote craniofacial bone healing without cell transplantation
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80 Review: Detection and quantification of proteins in human urine
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81 Phenolic metabolism in the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis: 4-coumarate CoA ligase and 4-hydroxybenzoate CoA ligase
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82 Erigeron annuus Protects PC12 Neuronal Cells from Oxidative Stress Induced by ROS-Mediated Apoptosis
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83 (-)-Epicatechin reduces muscle waste after complete spinal cord transection in a murine model: role of ubiquitin–proteasome system
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84 A Radioactive-free Kinase Inhibitor Discovery Assay Against the Trypanosoma brucei Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 short (TbGSK-3s)
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85 Synthesis of Palladium(II) Complexes via Michael Addition: Antiproliferative Effects through ROS-Mediated Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Docking with SARS-CoV-2
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86 Cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside Induces the Apoptosis in the Osteosarcoma Cells through Upregulation of the PPAR? and P21: An In Vitro Study
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Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2020; 20(9): 1087
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87 Impact of liraglutide on microcirculation in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy
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88 Comparative Molecular Biology Approaches for the Production of Poliovirus Virus-Like Particles Using Pichia pastoris
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89 A Review of Properties, Delivery Systems and Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Monomeric Glycoprotein Transferrin
Mariza Aires Fernandes,Gilmar Hanck-Silva,Franciele Garcia Baveloni,Joăo Augusto Oshiro Junior,Felipe Tita de Lima,Josimar O. Eloy,Marlus Chorilli
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90 Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV)—Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV
Marcel Gischke,Reiner Ulrich,Olanrewaju I. Fatola,David Scheibner,Ahmed H. Salaheldin,Beate Crossley,Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser,Jutta Veits,Thomas C. Mettenleiter,Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
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91 TCR-like domain antibody against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) heat shock protein antigen presented by HLA-A*11 and HLA-A*24
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92 Harvesting, processing, and evaluation of in vitro-manipulated equine preantral follicles: A review
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93 Unraveling How Ethanol-Induced Conformational Changes Affect BSA Protein Adsorption onto Silica Surfaces
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94 Low dose HSP90 inhibition with AUY922 blunts rapid evolution of metastatic and drug resistant phenotypes induced by TGF-ß and paclitaxel in A549 cells
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95 Identification and sub-cellular localization of a NAD transporter in Leishmania braziliensis (LbNDT1)
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96 The Mediation of Pigeon Egg Production by Regulating the Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis of Pigeon Ovarian Granulosa Cells
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97 Combinatorial ethanol treatment increases the overall productivity of recombinant hG-CSF in E. coli: a comparative study
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98 Pachymic acid protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
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99 Halodule pinifolia (Seagrass) attenuated lipopolysaccharide-, carrageenan-, and crystal-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines: mechanism and chemistry
Sajeli Ahil Begum,Kirti Hira,Pragya Paramita Pal,Samrun Nessa,Onkar P. Kulkarni,Jeyapragash Danaraj,Ameer Basha Shaik,Hiroshi Araya,Yoshinori Fujimoto
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100 Antibody stability: A key to performance - Analysis, influences and improvement
Hui Ma,Ciarán ӒFágáin,Richard O’Kennedy
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101 An amplification strategy for detecting HER2 with a quasi-targeted proteomics approach coupled with aptamer-triggered hybridization chain reaction
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102 The functional differentiation of four smad4 paralogs in TGF-ß signaling pathway of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
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103 Neuroprotective efficacy of nano-CoQ against propionic acid toxicity in rats: Role of BDNF and CREB protein expressions
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104 Identifying adaptive alleles in the human genome: from selection mapping to functional validation
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105 Molecular characterization of Antheraea mylitta arylphorin gene and its encoded protein
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106

Upregulation of FTX Promotes Osteosarcoma Tumorigenesis by Increasing SOX4 Expression via miR-214-5p
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107 Purification of human recombinant anti-mullerian hormone and its derivatives
Alexandra Ya. Rak,Alexander V. Trofimov,Natalia V. Pigareva,Eugeny A. Protasov,Elena A. Karabanova,Alexander M. Ischenko
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108 Identification and characterization of a novel isoform of heparin cofactor II in human liver
Shadabi Bano,Sana Fatima,Shahzaib Ahamad,Shoyab Ansari,Dinesh Gupta,Mohammad Tabish,Sayeed ur Rehman,Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
IUBMB Life. 2020;
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109 Production of pharmaceutical active recombinant globular adiponectin as a secretory protein in Withania Somnifera hairy root culture
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110 Inhibitor of protein kinases 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-chloro-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-1?-pyrrole-2,5-dione induces DNA damage and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells
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111 Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Clove Buds-Treated MCF-7 Cells
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112 Antibody validation for Western blot: By the user, for the user
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113 A Single Step in vitro Bioassay Mimicking TLR4-LPS Pathway and the Role of MD2 and CD14 Coreceptors
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114 Identifying Antioxidant Proteins by Using Amino Acid Composition and Protein-Protein Interactions
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115 PXR is a target of (-)-epicatechin in skeletal muscle
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116 Triclosan induces zebrafish neurotoxicity by abnormal expression of miR-219 targeting oligodendrocyte differentiation of central nervous system
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117 Impact of in ovo administered pioneer colonizers on intestinal proteome on day of hatch
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119 Azasteroid Alkylators as Dual Inhibitors of AKT and ERK Signaling for the Treatment of Ovarian Carcinoma
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126 Cardiac glycoside Cerberin exerts anticancer activity through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal transduction inhibition
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127 Biomarkers of Multiple Sclerosis
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128 Open source automated western blot processor
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129 Proteomic Detection and Validation of Translated Small Open Reading Frames
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130 Western Blotting and Flow Cytometry for Evaluating Necroptosis of Cells (Review)
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131 Mitigation of Acetamiprid – Induced Renotoxicity by Natural Antioxidants via the Regulation of ICAM, NF-kB and TLR 4 pathways
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133 Platelet Factor 4 as a Novel Exosome Marker in MALDI-MS Analysis of Exosomes from Human Serum
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134 a-Enolase as a novel vaccine candidate against Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection in cobia (Rachycentron canadum L.)
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135 A tight cold-inducible switch built by coupling thermosensitive transcriptional and proteolytic regulatory parts
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137 Preclinical Evidence of STAT3 Inhibitor Pacritinib Overcoming Temozolomide Resistance via Downregulating miR-21-Enriched Exosomes from M2 Glioblastoma-Associated Macrophages
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139 Anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activities of the flavonoid isoliquiritigenin in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y
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141 A new triple chimeric protein as a high immunogenic antigen against anthrax toxins: theoretical and experimental analyses
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142 Aspalathin-Enriched Green Rooibos Extract Reduces Hepatic Insulin Resistance by Modulating PI3K/AKT and AMPK Pathways
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143 Quantification of ERK Kinase Activity in Biological Samples Using Differential Sensing
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145 The role of NF-?B and Elk-1 in the regulation of mouse ADAM17 expression
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147 An alternative pathway for the formation of aromatic aroma compounds derived from l -phenylalanine via phenylpyruvic acid in tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) leaves
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148 Dietary N-Carbamylglutamate (NCG) alleviates liver metabolic disease and hepatocyte apoptosis by suppressing ERK1/2-mTOR-S6K1 signal pathway via promoting endogenous arginine synthesis in Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus)
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149 Aspalathin, a natural product with the potential to reverse hepatic insulin resistance by improving energy metabolism and mitochondrial respiration
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151 EspA-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles can efficiently protect animal model against enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157: H7
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152 AVE 0991 attenuates oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis via Mas/PKA/CREB/UCP-2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats
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153 miR-133b suppresses colorectal cancer cell stemness and chemoresistance by targeting methyltransferase DOT1L
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154 Oral administration of 3,3'-diselenodipropionic acid prevents thoracic radiation induced pneumonitis in mice by suppressing NF-kB/IL-17/G-CSF/neutrophil axis
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155 A novel LAMP2 p.G93R mutation associated with mild Danon disease presenting with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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156 Protective effects of Belamcandae Rhizoma against skin damage by ameliorating ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis and collagen degradation in keratinocytes
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157 G Protein–Coupled Estrogen Receptor Production Using an Escherichia coli Cell-Free Expression System
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158 Primary Membranous Glomerulonephritis: The Role of Serum and Urine Biomarkers in Patient Management
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159 The Reference Genome Sequence of Scutellaria baicalensis Provides Insights into the Evolution of Wogonin Biosynthesis
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160 Gene isolation, heterologous expression, purification and functional confirmation of sesamin synthase from Sesamum indicum L.
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161 Gypenoside LXXV Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing In Vivo by Enhancing Connective Tissue Growth Factor Levels Via the Glucocorticoid Receptor Pathway
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162 GlSir2.1 of Giardia lamblia is a NAD+-dependent cytoplasmic deacetylase
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163 Comparative analysis of homologous aminopeptidase PepN from pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria reveals divergent traits
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164 Gene mining and identification of a flavone synthase II involved in flavones biosynthesis by transcriptomic analysis and targeted flavonoid profiling in Chrysanthemum indicum L.
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165 Protein biomarkers of neural system
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166 Functional neutralization of anti-IFN-? autoantibody in patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria infection
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168 Anti-diabetic properties of different fractions of Korean red ginseng
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169 Analyzing bacterial extracellular vesicles in human body fluids by orthogonal biophysical separation and biochemical characterization
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170 Evaluation of Renin and Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor in Patients with IPF. A Comparison with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
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171 Cholesterol transporter proteins in HepG2 cells can be modulated by phenolic compounds present in Opuntia ficus-indica aqueous solutions
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172 In-silico and in-vitro analysis of endocan interaction with statins
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173 Effects of Angiotensin III on c-Jun N terminal Kinase in Wistar and Hypertensive Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
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174 Lipid metabolism disorders contribute to hepatotoxicity of triclosan in mice
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175 Human skin-derived ABCB5+ stem cell injection improves liver disease parameters in Mdr2KO mice
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176 Targeted quantitative proteomic analysis of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters by nano LC-MS/MS in the sandwich cultured human hepatocyte model
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177 Diagnostic potential of saliva proteome analysis: a review and guide to clinical practice
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179 A non-canonical GTPase interaction enables ORP1L-Rab7-RILP complex formation and late endosome positioning
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180 Highly Sensitive and Multiplexed Protein Measurements
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181 Differential antiviral activity of European sea bass interferon-stimulated 15 protein (ISG15) against RGNNV and SJNNV betanodaviruses
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182 Polydopamine/Transferrin Hybrid Nanoparticles for Targeted Cell-Killing
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184 Oxidative Stress-Protective and Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Loliolide and Ethanol Extract from Fresh Water Green Algae, Prasiola japonica
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185 The eNOS-NO pathway attenuates kidney dysfunction via suppression of inflammasome activation in aldosterone-induced renal injury model mice
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186 Cell-Based Methods for Determination of Efficacy for Candidate Therapeutics in the Clinical Management of Cancer
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187 Divergent changes in the content and activity of MMP-26 and TIMP-4 in human umbilical cord tissues associated with preeclampsia
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188 Memeli Tümör ve Normal Hücre Hatlarinda Nanopartikül Uygulamalari
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189 The novel protective effects of loganin against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neurotoxicity: Enhancement of neurotrophic signaling, activation of IGF-1R/GLP-1R , and inhibition of RhoA/ROCK pathway
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200 Leptin Modifies the Rat Heart Performance Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction Independently of Its Prohypertrophic Effects
Edna Berzabá-Evoli,Cecilia Zazueta,Jarumi Hishel Cruz Hernández,Nancy Patricia Gómez-Crisóstomo,Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop,Erick Natividad De la Cruz-Hernández,Eduardo Martínez-Abundis
International Journal of Endocrinology. 2018; 2018: 1
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201 ??????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????, "?????????"
?. ?. ???,?.?. ????????,?. ?. ????????,?.?. ?????????,?.?. ??????
Tsitologiya. 2018; (9): 704
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202 A Proteomics and other Omics approach in the context of farmed fish welfare and biomarker discovery
Cláudia Sofia Ferreira Raposo de Magalhăes,Marco Alexandre Cavaco Cerqueira,Denise Schrama,Márcio Júlio Vicente Moreira,Surintorn Boonanuntanasarn,Pedro Miguel Leal Rodrigues
Reviews in Aquaculture. 2018;
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203 The role of posttranslational modifications of a-synuclein and LRRK2 in Parkinsonćs disease: Potential contributions of environmental factors
Edward Pajarillo,Asha Rizor,Jayden Lee,Michael Aschner,Eunsook Lee
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2018;
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204 Nitroso-Oxidative Stress, Acute Phase Response, and Cytogenetic Damage in Wistar Rats Treated with Adrenaline
Milena Radakovic,Suncica Borozan,Ninoslav Djelic,Saša Ivanovic,Dejana Cupic Miladinovic,Marko Ristanic,Biljana Spremo-Potparevic,Zoran Stanimirovic
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018; 2018: 1
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205 Padlock Probe Assay for Detection and Subtyping of Seasonal Influenza
Felix Neumann,Iván Hernández-Neuta,Malin Grabbe,Narayanan Madaboosi,Jan Albert,Mats Nilsson
Clinical Chemistry. 2018; 64(12): 1704
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206 Microchannel device for proteomic analysis of migrating cancer cells
Loan Bui,Qionghua Shen,Tamara Hill,Sayem H Bhuiyan,Rami Barakat,Vanessa Saavedra,Calvin Kong,James D Battiste,Young-tae Kim
Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express. 2018; 4(6): 065026
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207 Role of Dehydrin-FK506-binding proteins complex in enhancing drought tolerance through ABA-mediated signaling pathway
Poonam Tiwari,Yuvraj Indoliya,Pradyumna Kumar Singh,Poonam C. Singh,Puneet S. Chauhan,Veena Pande,Debasis Chakrabarty
Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2018;
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208 Analytical techniques for characterization of biological molecules – proteins and aptamers/oligonucleotides
Harleen Kaur,Sonali R Bhagwat,Tarun Kumar Sharma,Amit Kumar
Bioanalysis. 2018;
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209 Ameliorative role of ferulic acid against diabetes associated oxidative stress induced spleen damage
Sumit Ghosh,Sayantani Chowdhury,Poulami Sarkar,Parames C. Sil
Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 118: 272
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210 5-Methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA) suppresses Aß-mediated pathology in C. elegans
Waqar Ahmad,Paul R. Ebert
Experimental Gerontology. 2018; 108: 215
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211 Early Diagnosis of Disease Using Microbead Array Technology: A Review
Atieh Vafajoo,Azin Rostami,Sanam Foroutan Parsa,Reza Salarian,Navid Rabiee,Ghazal Rabiee,Mohammad Rabiee,Mohammadreza Tahriri,Daryoosh Vashaee,Lobat Tayebi,Michael R. Hamblin
Analytica Chimica Acta. 2018;
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212 How to make P-glycoprotein (ABCB1, MDR1) harbor mutations and measure its expression and activity in cell cultures?
Pablo Zubiaur,Miriam Saiz-Rodríguez,Dora Koller,María Carmen Ovejero-Benito,Aneta Wojnicz,Francisco Abad-Santos
Pharmacogenomics. 2018;
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213 Evaluation methods as quality control in the generation of decellularized peripheral nerve allografts
Charlot Philips,Maria Cornelissen,Víctor Carriel
Journal of Neural Engineering. 2018; 15(2): 021003
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214 MARCKS Is Necessary for Netrin-DCC Signaling and Corpus Callosum Formation
J. J. Brudvig,J. T. Cain,G. G. Schmidt-Grimminger,D. J. Stumpo,K. J. Roux,P. J. Blackshear,J. M. Weimer
Molecular Neurobiology. 2018;
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215 A Case of Concomitant Pemphigus Foliaceus and Oral Pemphigus Vulgaris
Alexandra C. Perks,Paula M. Farthing,Ruth Murphy,Anne M. Hegarty
Head and Neck Pathology. 2018;
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216 Analysis for Science Librarians of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: The Life and Work of Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young
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217 Comparison of untagged and his-tagged dihydrodipicolinate synthase from the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae
Ruchi Gupta,Tatiana P. Soares da Costa,Pierre Faou,Con Dogovski,Matthew A. Perugini
Protein Expression and Purification. 2018;
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218 Expression, activation and processing of a novel plant milk-clotting aspartic protease in Pichia pastoris
Lucía Feijoo-Siota,José Luis R. Rama,Angeles Sánchez-Pérez,Tomás G. Villa
Journal of Biotechnology. 2018; 268: 28
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219 Zinc stimulates glucose oxidation and glycemic control by modulating the insulin signaling pathway in human and mouse skeletal muscle cell lines
Shaghayegh Norouzi,John Adulcikas,Sukhwinder Singh Sohal,Stephen Myers,Chih-Hsin Tang
PLOS ONE. 2018; 13(1): e0191727
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220 Assessment of TSPO in a Rat Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis Model: A Comparison Study between [18F]Fluoromethyl-PBR28 and [18F]CB251
Ga Kim,Jin Paeng,Jae Jung,Byung Moon,Antonio Lopalco,Nunzio Denora,Byung Lee,Sang Kim
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(1): 276
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221 Identification of a novel member of the pH responsive pathway Pal/Rim in Ustilago maydis
Juan A. Cervantes-Montelongo,José Ruiz-Herrera
Journal of Basic Microbiology. 2018;
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222 Involvement of a Nonstructural Protein in Poliovirus Capsid Assembly
Oluwapelumi O. Adeyemi,Lee Sherry,Joseph C. Ward,Danielle M. Pierce,Morgan R. Herod,David J. Rowlands,Nicola J. Stonehouse,Julie K. Pfeiffer
Journal of Virology. 2018; 93(5)
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223 Effect of TAK1 on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by regulating BMP-2 via Wnt/ß-catenin and MAPK pathway
Hongpeng Yang,Yue Guo,Dawei Wang,Xiaofei Yang,Chengzhi Ha
Organogenesis. 2018; 14(1): 36
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224 Identification of protective protein antigens for vaccination against Streptococcus dysgalactiae in cobia ( Rachycentron canadum )
Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen,Hai Trong Nguyen,Hung Vu-Khac,Pei-Chi Wang,Shih-Chu Chen
Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2018; 80: 88
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225 Plasmonic biosensor based on vertical arrays of gold nanoantennas
Stephanie Klinghammer,Tino Uhlig,Fabian Patrovsky,Matthias Böhm,Julian Schuett,Nils Pütz,Larysa Baraban,Lukas M. Eng,Gianaurelio Cuniberti
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226 The protective mechanism of Nigella sativa against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma through its antioxidant effect and EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling
Y. R. Shahin,N. M. Elguindy,A. Abdel Bary,M. Balbaa
Environmental Toxicology. 2018;
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227 Photodynamic inactivation of bacteriophage MS2: The A-protein is the target of virus inactivation
Hussaini Majiya,Oluwapelumi O. Adeyemi,Nicola J. Stonehouse,Paul Millner
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2018; 178: 404
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228 DNA polymerase beta participates in DNA End-joining
Sreerupa Ray,Gregory Breuer,Michelle DeVeaux,Daniel Zelterman,Ranjit Bindra,Joann B. Sweasy
Nucleic Acids Research. 2017;
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229 Expression of Aspergillus Niger N5-5 in E. coli and Purification and Identification of Products
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Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2017;
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230 Attenuation of the Infiltration of Angiotensin II Expressing CD3+ T-Cells and the Modulation of Nerve Growth Factor in Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglia – A Possible Mechanism Underpinning Analgesia Produced by EMA300, An Angiotensin II Type 2 (AT2) Receptor Antagonist
Nemat Khan,Arjun Muralidharan,Maree T. Smith
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2017; 10
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231 Silencing of the pentose phosphate pathway genes influences DNA replication in human fibroblasts
Karolina Fornalewicz,Aneta Wieczorek,Grzegorz Wegrzyn,Robert Lyzen
Gene. 2017; 635: 33
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232 Protective Effects of ?-Mangostin on 6-OHDA-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells
Yamaratee Jaisin,Piyanee Ratanachamnong,Chitraporn Kuanpradit,Watinee Khumpum,Sunit Suksamrarn
Neuroscience Letters. 2017;
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233 Using SDS-PAGE gel fingerprinting to identify soft-bodied wood-boring insect larvae to species
Mark A OćNeill,Mia Denos,Daniel Reed
Pest Management Science. 2017;
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234 Human Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) deacetylates histone H3 lysine 56 to promote Nonhomologous end joining repair
Amrita Sengupta,Devyani Haldar
DNA Repair. 2017;
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235 Telmisartan Activates PPARd to Improve Symptoms of Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress-Induced Depression in Mice
Yingxiao Li,Kai-Chun Cheng,Keng-Fan Liu,Wen-Huang Peng,Juei-Tang Cheng,Ho-Shan Niu
Scientific Reports. 2017; 7(1)
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236 Deoxycholic acid promotes development of gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrettćs oesophagus by modulating integrin-av trafficking
David O. Prichard,Anne Marie Byrne,James O. Murphy,John V. Reynolds,Jacintha OćSullivan,Ronan Feighery,Brendan Doyle,Osama Sharaf Eldin,Stephen P. Finn,Aoife Maguire,Deirdre Duff,Dermot P. Kelleher,Aideen Long
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2017;
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237 Intracranial self-stimulation and immobilization had different effects on neurite extension and the p38 MAPK pathway in PC12m3 cells
Yutaka Gomita,Satoru Esumi,Yoshihisa Kitamura,Hirotoshi Motoda,Toshiaki Sendo,Hidenori Sagara,Hiroaki Araki,Mitsunobu Mio,Shigeki Inoue,Yoshio Kano
Life Sciences. 2017; 190: 78
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238 L- and T-type calcium channel blockers protect against the inhibitory effects of mipafox on neurite outgrowth and plasticity-related proteins in SH-SY5Y cells
Laís Silva Fernandes,Neife Aparecida G. Dos Santos,Guilherme Luz Emerick,Antonio Cardozo Dos Santos
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 2017; : 1
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239 Bloch Surface Waves Biosensors for High Sensitivity Detection of Soluble ERBB2 in a Complex Biological Environment
Alberto Sinibaldi,Camilla Sampaoli,Norbert Danz,Peter Munzert,Frank Sonntag,Fabio Centola,Agostino Occhicone,Elisa Tremante,Patrizio Giacomini,Francesco Michelotti
Biosensors. 2017; 7(3): 33
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240 Processing fixed and stored adipose-derived stem cells for quantitative protein array assays
Jessica S. Sadick,Eric M. Darling
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241 Short-term regular aerobic exercise reduces oxidative stress produced by acute high intraluminal pressure in the adipose microvasculature
Austin T. Robinson,Ibra S. Fancher,Varadarajan Sudhahar,Jing Tan Bian,Marc D. Cook,Abeer M. Mahmoud,Mohamed M. Ali,Masuko Ushio-Fukai,Michael D. Brown,Tohru Fukai,Shane A. Phillips
American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2017; 312(5): H896
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242 Combining Cytotoxicity Assessment and Xenopus laevis Phenotypic Abnormality Assay as a Predictor of Nanomaterial Safety
Karamallah Al-Yousuf,Carl A. Webster,Grant N. Wheeler,Francesca Baldelli Bombelli,Victoria Sherwood
Current Protocols in Toxicology. 2017; 73(1): 20.13.1
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243 TNF-a exerts cytotoxic effects on multidrug resistant breast cancer MCF-7/MX cells via a non-apoptotic death pathway
Morteza Ghandadi,Javad Behravan,Khalil Abnous,Melika Ehtesham Gharaee,Fatemeh Mosaffa
Cytokine. 2017; 97: 167
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244 Capsanthin Inhibits both Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and Weight Gain in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
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Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 2017; 25(3): 329
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245 Hexacosanol reduces plasma and hepatic cholesterol by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 in HepG2 and C57BL/6J mice
Ji Hae Lee,Yaoyao Jia,Trung Thanh Thach,Yuri Han,Bobae Kim,Chunyan Wu,Yeonji Kim,Woo Duck Seo,Sung-Joon Lee
Nutrition Research. 2017;
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246 Evaluation of vascular tone and cardiac contractility in response to silver nanoparticles, using Langendorff rat heart preparation
Ramirez-Lee Manuel Alejandro,Martinez-Cuevas Pedro Pablo,Rosas-Hernandez Hector,Oros-Ovalle Cuauhtémoc,Bravo-Sanchez Mariela,Martinez-Castańon Gabriel Alejandro,Gonzalez Carmen
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2017;
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247 Cigarette smokers develop altered erythrocyte membrane composition: an investigation unmasking the role of membrane bound integral protein GLUT 1
Jyotirmoy Sikdar,Paromita Seal,Amartya Roy,Rajen Haldar
Free Radical Research. 2017; 51(4): 375
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248 Development and application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a soluble recombinant nucleoprotein for the detection of antibodies to avian influenza virus
Monezi Borzi Mariana,Rodrigues Silva Ketherson,de Fatima Silva Montassier Maria,Santos Fernando Filipe,de Lourdes Feres Tamanine Maria,Moreira dos Santos Romeu,Schirato de Oliveira Elisabete,Casagrande Mariguela Viviane,Diniz Lopes Priscila,Reischak Dilmara,Oliveira Mendonca Andre,Luis Luciano Renato,Jose Montassier Helio
African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2017; 11(18): 697
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249 A Novel Egr-1-Agrin Pathway and Potential Implications for Regulation of Synaptic Physiology and Homeostasis at the Neuromuscular Junction
Ryen MacDonald,Sebastien Barbat-Artigas,Chulmin Cho,Huashan Peng,Jijun Shang,Ayman Moustaine,Salvatore Carbonetto,Richard Robitaille,Lorraine E. Chalifour,Hemant Paudel
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2017; 9
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250 Autophagy enhancement is rendered ineffective in presence of a-synuclein in melanoma cells
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Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling. 2017;
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251 Semi-Automatic Analysis for Unidimensional Immunoblot Images to Discriminate Breast Cancer Cases Using Time Series Data Mining
Diana M. Sánchez-Silva,Héctor G. Acosta-Mesa,Tania Romo-González
International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence. 2017; : 1860004
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252 Inhibition of heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 potentiates the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of 2-(4'fluoro-phenylamino)-4H-1,3-thiazine[6,5-b]indole in A2780cis cells
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253 High concentration of trichlorfon (1mM) disrupts axonal cytoskeleton and decreases the expression of plasticity-related proteins in SH-SY5Y cells
Laís Silva Fernandes,Guilherme Luz Emerick,Rafaela Scalco Ferreira,Neife Aparecida G. dos Santos,Antonio Cardozo dos Santos
Toxicology in Vitro. 2017; 39: 84
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254 Immunomodulatory and therapeutic role of Cinnamomum verum extracts in collagen-induced arthritic BALB/c mice
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Inflammopharmacology. 2017;
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255 Altered functional efficacy of hippocampal interneuron during epileptogenesis following febrile seizures
Yeon Hee Yu,Kahyun Lee,Dal Sik Sin,Kyung-Ho Park,Dae-Kyoon Park,Duk-Soo Kim
Brain Research Bulletin. 2017; 131: 25
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256 Hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects of Psacalium paucicapitatum corms infusions
D. Jasso De Rodríguez,L.C. García-Hernández,N.E. Rocha-Guzmán,M.R. Moreno-Jiménez,R. Rodríguez-García,M.L.V. Díaz-Jiménez,M.L. Flores-López,J.A. Villarreal-Quintanilla,F.M. Peńa-Ramos,D.A. Carrillo-Lomelí
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257 Proteomics and irritable bowel syndrome
Athanasios Tsigaridas,Ioannis S. Papanikolaou,Anna Vaiopoulou,Athanasios K. Anagnostopoulos,Nikos Viazis,George Karamanolis,Dimitrios G. Karamanolis,George T. Tsangaris,Gerasimos J. Mantzaris,Maria Gazouli
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258 Discovery of a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor that Targets PP2A–ß-Catenin Signaling and Restricts Tumor Growth and Metastasis
Shrankhla Maheshwari,Srinivasa R. Avula,Akhilesh Singh,L. Ravithej Singh,Gopala R. Palnati,Rakesh K. Arya,Srikanth H. Cheruvu,Sudhir Shahi,Tanuj Sharma,Sanjeev Meena,Anup K. Singh,Ruchir Kant,Mohammed Riyazuddin,Himangsu K. Bora,Mohammad I. Siddiqi,Jiaur R. Gayen,Koneni V. Sashidhara,Dipak Datta
Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2017; 16(9): 1791
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259 A novel mouse model of anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD): conditional deletion ofTsc1disrupts ciliary body and iris development
Anna-Carin Hägglund,Iwan Jones,Leif Carlsson
Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2017; 10(3): 245
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260 Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Estuarine Synechococcus Strain CB0101 and Their Transcriptomic Responses to Environmental Stressors
David Marsan,Allen Place,Daniel Fucich,Feng Chen
Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017; 8
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261 Fruit Peel Polyphenolic Extract-Induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells Is Associated with ROS Production and Modulation of p38MAPK/Erk1/2 and the Akt Signaling Pathway
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262 Quantitative proteome-based systematic identification of SIRT7 substrates
Chaohua Zhang,Zichao Zhai,Ming Tang,Zhongyi Cheng,Tingting Li,Haiying Wang,Wei-Guo Zhu
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263 The ENU-3 protein family members function in the Wnt pathway parallel to UNC-6/Netrin to promote motor neuron axon outgrowth in C. elegans
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264 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor density in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with disease duration
N. C. Fonseca,H. P. G. Joaquim,L. L. Talib,S. Vincentiis,W. F. Gattaz,K. D. Valente
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265 The Potentials and Pitfalls of Microarrays in Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Focus on Human Filarial Infections
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266 Minimising invasiveness in diagnostics: developing a rapid urine-based monoclonal antibody dipstick test for malaria
Uri S. Markakpo,Kwabena M. Bosompem,Mawuli Dzodzomenyo,Anthony Danso-Appiah,Edward E. Essuman,William K. Anyan,Mitsuko Suzuki,Judith K. Stephens,Isaac Anim-Baidoo,Richard H. Asmah,Michael F. Ofori,Parnor Madjitey,Jonas B. Danquah,Naa Adjeley Frempong,Kofi D. Kwofie,Michael Amoa-Bosompem,David Sullivan,Julius N. Fobil,Isabella A. Quakyi
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267 An overview of technical considerations for Western blotting applications to physiological research
J. J. Bass,D. J. Wilkinson,D. Rankin,B. E. Phillips,N. J. Szewczyk,K. Smith,P. J. Atherton
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268 Atorvastatin improves pathological changes in the aged kidney by upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression and reducing matrix metalloproteinase-9 and transforming growth factor-ß1 levels
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269 ING3 is associated with increased cell invasion and lethal outcome in ERG-negative prostate cancer patients
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270 Sphingosine kinase inhibition ameliorates chronic hypoperfusion-induced white matter lesions
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271 Protein characterization of intracellular target-sorted, formalin-fixed cell subpopulations
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272 Perturbation of redox balance after thioredoxin reductase deficiency interrupts autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway and enhances cell death in nutritionally stressed SH-SY5Y cells
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273 3D tumor spheroids: an overview on the tools and techniques used for their analysis
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274 Characterization and functional analysis of fatty acid binding protein from the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini
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275 Quantification of Confocal Images Using LabVIEW for Tissue Engineering Applications
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276 Affinity Pulldown of Biotinylated RNA for Detection of Protein-RNA Complexes
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277 Easy and Fast Western Blotting by Thin-Film Direct Coating with Suction
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278 Influence of Clinically Relevant Mechanical Forces on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Under Chronic High Glucose: An In Vitro Dynamic Disease Model
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279 Anti-diabetes and anti-obesity: A meta-analysis of different compounds
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280 Neuroprotective Effect of Puerarin on Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Differentiated Y-79 Cells via Inhibition of ROS Generation and Ca2+ Influx
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(7): 1109
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281 Considerations when quantitating protein abundance by immunoblot
Alicia A. McDonough,Luciana C. Veiras,Jacqueline N. Minas,Donna Lee Ralph
American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2015; 308(6): C426
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282 Increased HMGB1 and cleaved caspase-3 stimulate the proliferation of tumor cells and are correlated with the poor prognosis in colorectal cancer
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